Honors Program Essay

Malcolm Anomnachi UMES ID#: 1194723 Aundra C. Roberts, B. A. Program Coordinator The Honors Program/General Studies University of Maryland Eastern Shore Richard Hazel Hall Suite 2051 11868 Academic Oval Princess Anne, MD 21853 My Goals and Academic Interests There is a slogan in my country that says â€Å"A fool at forty is fool forever†; this could be explained to be an assumed concept that one who hasn’t realized his purpose or potential in life by the optimum time of his life (usually age 40), probably never will.My adolescent-hood was nothing to be proud of because I never acted like I could ever imagine myself having a successful future; I lived my life however I wanted without thinking about how my actions could affect me in the future. I was lucky to be given a second chance and since then I haven’t misused it. I have a lot of academic goals, but they shall all end up aiding me to graduate from law school. I currently finished a successful year at the Univ ersity of Maryland Eastern Shore, and I must say that it was exceptionally interesting and I put all other distractions aside to make sure that I passed in flying colors.I am a Criminal Justice major and I intend to use the knowledge obtained from my degree to pass the LSAT to go law school; I also intend to work at a Criminal Justice Agency of my choice while I attend law school. I chose to pursue a career in law after I realized my strongest ground was Arguing, I participated in a lot of high school debates and I usually got in trouble for excessively quarrelling with my high school instructors on class related matters of which I had strong oppositions for.I decided to channel this negative passion into a more subtle and legal manner; I also have a long history of relatives associated with the law so I decided to continue the family tradition to become a Defense Attorney. My grandfather, who was a Chief Judge in Nigeria, died in 1996, and since then his law firm has operated at sl ow pace, I plan to run the place by the time I gain enough experience in the years to come and do wonderful things. I have a lot of goals that I plan to accomplish, but the one I would like to accomplish now is joining The Honors Program at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.I am looking for students that I can acknowledge as a challenge to me and I feel that most of those students are in the Honors Program. I think that this program will bring out my undiscovered intelligence because I always enjoy acquiring new information. I think one thing my father failed to realize in his lifetime is that it’s not always about what you know, but it’s also about who you know; if this opportunity is granted to me, I can meet different people who may be able to better my life in the future.It is through this program that I intend to graduate from this university and attend law school at Cornell University, which is also associated with the Honors Program at this university, so becoming a member of this program will hopefully serve as a helpful transition. As a student, I would be lying if I said I didn’t need a help in tuition payment. I hope that joining this program and putting my best in my academic work will earn some sort of scholarship. In a nutshell, joining the Honors Program will open numerous doors for me.I am a respectful student at this school and I maintain a good relationship with all of my instructors because I know that I am practically nothing without them. I strive for nothing but the best and that is why I wish to join this program. Apart from almost becoming a member of the Men’s Track and Field team at this university, I am also a current member of the National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS), so this will also be a good addition to my accomplishments in my college life. My main goal at the moment is to join the Honors Program and to excel in it so I hope you can help me accomplish this.

Buddhism- a Religion or a Philosophy?

Albert Einstein believed that, â€Å"the religion of the future will be a cosmic religion that should transcend a personal god and avoid dogmas and theology. Covering both natural and spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual and a meaningful unity† (Jammer, 1999). Buddhism qualifies as a religion depending on one’s point of view. If religion is defined as a system of worship or devotion to a higher deity then Buddhism does not fall under the religious category (Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2012).However, if religion is defined as a system of beliefs and rituals and morals then Buddhism classifies as a religious practice (Harshorne, 1996). The aspects of religion that include rituals and devotions are the very key aspects of the human experience. Although occupying the same socio-psychological space as other religions, they do not all necessarily share similar characteristics (Molloy, p5, 2010). Western scholars and religious thinkers often refer to Buddhism as an atheist or nontheistic religious practice (Florida, 1990).Despite apparent contradictions between Buddhism and theistic religions there are many elements of commonality. This paper supports Albert Einstein’s claim on religion through exploring Buddhism as a contemporary religion relevant to reality in relation to science, while considering the similarities shared by Buddhism and traditional religions such as Christianity. Why does it matter if we consider something a religion or not? There are Buddhists who speak confidently on â€Å"Panel discussions† stating that if using the word religion becomes a problem then they will not use it (Los Angeles Interreligious Group, 1991).Buddhism shows no concern over whether or not it qualifies as a religion, as it is a matter of belief from within and not what people think of it. Smith, a religion historian states in his works that â€Å"beliefs are not primary to religion; faith is† (Florida, 1990) which reflects Buddhism’s emphasis on the importance of karma and leading a morally-based life. Smith also strongly believes that theistic religions invented the idea of god based on humanities â€Å"ignorance, weakness, fear, and desire†(Florida, 1990).Michael Stone is a psychotherapist and a Buddhist teacher who shares Albert Einstein’s view on religion. Michael attempts to incorporate traditional Buddhist teachings with today’s psychological and philosophical understanding (Stone, 2012). Science has created an abundance of contradictory views in traditional religious teachings that Buddhism stands out as a religion which accommodates scientific evidence (The Dalai Lama centre, 2012). Religion’s importance today has come into question when analyzed through the eyes of society’s logical mind.The Dalai Lama claims that â€Å"if modern science presents good evidence that a Buddhist idea i s wrong, I will accept the modern science, (he gives the example of the Earth moving around the sun, which runs counter to Buddhist scripture)† (The Dalai Lama Centre, 2012). Science has therefore made many questionable beliefs come to reality through trial and error research that many base their beliefs on evidence (Molloy, p179, 2010). Buddhism: The Buddhist religion entails a sense of sacredness with one’s self in relation to the environment and the universe. All religions are concerned with the deepest level of reality and for most religions the core or origin of everything is sacred and mysterious† (Molloy, p7, 2010). The â€Å"Three Marks of Reality† encompasses the embedded truth in Buddhist theology which reinforces the belief in having no god but rather finding the god within (Molloy, p132, 2010). Sacredness in religion refers to a dedicated practice to a religious purpose not the belief in a mystical figure who controls life as we know it.Sacredne ss is an interesting place of experience, and since there is a common misconception about Buddhism, the Dharma equips one to make a conciliatory meeting with whomever. The Dharma is part of the Three Jewels of Buddhism since it covers Buddhist teachings in â€Å"how to view the world and how to live properly† (Molloy, p131, 2010). The Dharma accommodates a variety of other views and appreciates those views for what they are. The emergence of Buddhism was based on the spread of Siddhartha’s teachings who was the oblivious son of a powerful king.The main components of Buddhist belief are: â€Å"karma, compassion and reincarnation†, which were conceptualized as a result of Siddhartha’s sudden exposure to reality’s misfortunes (Molloy, p128, 2010). These features influenced followers to adopt a peaceful and moral journey through life if they seek a blissful reincarnated-self (Molloy, 2010). Having experienced the â€Å"four passing sights† which involves living with nothing but oneself, Siddhartha began his journey towards becoming a world teacher (Molloy, p128, 2010).He practiced â€Å"The Four Noble Truths† which are the â€Å"truths about life, that suffering exists, it has a cause, it has an end and there is a way to attain release from suffering† (Molloy, p143, 2010). In Buddhist literature it is believed that worshipping a higher deity disregards the notion of â€Å"karmic results of action† which they strongly believe in (Thera, 2012). Similarities of traditional religions (Christianity): Religion â€Å"suggests the joining of our natural, human world to the sacred world† (Molloy, p5, 2010).Buddhism revolves around the life and lessons of Buddha, and Christianity revolves around the life and lessons of Jesus Christ, who are the two prophets present in both fields of practice (Los Angeles Interreligious Group, 1991). Both prophets followed the same strategy to uncover the worldly truths as they â€Å"stayed in the wilderness for 40 days and 40 nights’ facing evil, â€Å"Jesus by Satan and Buddha by the demon Mara and his daughters† (Los Angeles Interreligious Group, 1991). As the holiness’ representatives, both religions have a centralized authority figure such as the Pope and the Dalai Lama to carry on the teachings of God and Buddha on a global scale (Molloy, p391, 2010). Similarities in both Christians and Buddhists theological practice reflect the fact that despite the difference in beliefs in a deity the foundations share some common ethics. Buddhism’s conception of reality refers to the basics of â€Å"The Four Noble Truths and The Noble Eightfold Path† that can be applied to the Ten Christian Commandments (Molloy, p136, 2010).The Ten Commandments represent God’s rules of behavior Christians are expected to follow (Betty, 2008). The early stage of Buddhism was initially rejected as a religion by westerners. However lat er on, western scholars considered â€Å"Buddhist concepts of nirvana and dharma as parallels to the Western notion of divinity or God† and they refuted it (Florida, 1990). The manifestation of Buddhist characteristics attributed to God’s existence in theistic religions is partly based on Buddhism’s perspective on reality and needing no god to control their way of life (Betty, 2008).Yet religious symbolism has been an important feature of all religions, including Buddhism and Christianity. The Christians pray to Jesus in churches while Buddhists pray to Buddha in monasteries. According to Molloy, â€Å"religious symbols, myths, and terminology at times suggest a universal language that all religions speak† (Molloy, p9, 2010). The differences: While both are classified as a religion, a prominent difference and focus of many arguments surrounds the notion of Buddhism’s lack of deity to worship.Any forms of God-like elements in Buddhism are seen as ma nifestations of a specific physical form (Betty, 2008). Gods in Buddhism are essentially considered manifestations of distinct physical elements and mediums from which Buddhists can contribute their physical energies toward enlightenment, which is a state of spiritual understanding (Hartshorne, 1996). Buddhism does not place great importance on having a higher divinity because they don’t think it will have an impact or even make a difference when practicing their values (Hartshorne, 1996).According to Stafford, â€Å"Buddhism and Christianity have much to teach each other about Ultimate Reality—God or Buddha Nature† (Stafford, 2008). Buddhism is considered a â€Å"psychological religion† as it provides the tools within a person to attain full-fledged happiness internally rather than externally (Thera, 2012). Whereas Christianity is a religion of doctrines where the institution of the church controls Christian practices on life (Molloy, p391, 2010). Theref ore the ideas of ultimate reality differ greatly as both religions expect different outcomes from their practices.One focuses on what God expects while the other does not place any expectations other than attempting to reach personal happiness. The difference in guidance received by both Buddhist and Christian followers provides an understanding as to why Buddhism may not be considered a religion by some theist believers. Christianity stresses on the importance of human action based on God’s cosmic plan to impose good morals into society to fight between the good and evils life bestows (Molloy, p15, 2010). Buddhism on the other hand focuses on personal karma to justify the good reasons behind following a morally-based lifestyle.Pope John Paul II upset Buddhists when he stated that â€Å"Buddhism is an ‘‘atheistic’’ system and that ‘‘the doctrines of salvation in Buddhism and Christianity are opposed’’ (Stafford, 2008). The Pope’s words made it clear that he believes the rejection of a dogma in Buddhism raises a lot of questions in the sphere of religion when it comes to the nature of Buddha. Agreeably, â€Å"Christians have faith in God while Buddhists have faith in something other than God- emptiness, perhaps† (Florida, 1990).Since Buddhism and Christianity address â€Å"the relationship of ultimate- God or emptiness† as major opposing elements (Florida, 1990), Florida poses an interesting question regarding Christianity that â€Å"if ultimate reality is Emptiness, is the Christian forced to choose between identifying God with Emptiness and denying God altogether? ’ (Florida, 1990). This statement supports Christianity’s set requirements for fulfilling one's â€Å"obligations† with no room for personal opinion to God whereas Buddhism allows a progressive growth from within, with the world around in tune with one’s personal opinion (Silva, 2011).The pr ogressiveness of Buddhism suggests that there are no implications on what one should and can believe in, in pursuit of sacredness. Sacredness can either be defined as the emptiness attained in Buddhism when enlightened or â€Å"speak of the sacred as what people hold to be sacred† in Christianity (Florida, 1990) (Molloy, p 14, 2010). The holy books are another way to identify the difference in what is considered as guidelines or expected practices for both religions as they are not used for the same reasons.In Buddhism, there are many kinds of holy books known as the Sutras. Buddhists Sanskrit, serve as a guideline to a deep reality beyond â€Å"the reach of ordinary cognition and senses† (Thera, 2012). Buddhism believes in personal reason while Christians follow religious authority (Molloy, p19, 2010). Therefore, the Bible reveals the words of God that â€Å"cannot be questioned and are a compilation of claims about the physical or spiritual worlds to be accepted on faith† (Birnbaum, 2009). Can a religion both be atheistic and a religion?While attempting to understand what the topic of religion consists of, one must consider the fact that the term ‘religion’ was developed in the western culture thus representing their traditional idea of what is meant by religion. The western perception of religion â€Å"may not be entirely appropriate when applied across cultures or spiritual paths† (Molloy, p5, 2010). In â€Å"Going Beyond God,† Armstrong argues that many Westerners define â€Å"religion† much too narrowly because they use the Abrahamic religions — Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — and belief in the God of monotheism as the â€Å"standard† of what defines religion (Vincent, 2012).In a book called â€Å"One of Faith and Belief† Smith notes that â€Å"the world's religious systems . . . are not all variations on a theme; they do not give differing answers to the same question s, they do not operate in a common mode† (Smith, 1979). Therefore it is needless to say that contemporary ideologies about religion are no longer strictly based on teachings that cannot be challenged. â€Å"Whether we should go on or not to call it faith in God, depends directly on what we think of the universe not on what be thought of it† (Florida, 1990).New scientific interrelations with religions such as Buddhism, will formulate a new branch that is â€Å"both spiritual and scientific† which would be suited for contemporary society logicality (O’Brien, 2009). Religion â€Å"suggests the joining of our natural, human world to the sacred world† whatever that may be for anyone (Molloy, p5, 2010). Therefore, why should believing in a divinity improve the humanity-focused problems experienced in religion? Conclusion: If Dharma was assimilated into our culture as a daily practice and was not represented by the word â€Å"Buddhism† the world wou ld be a happier place.If children had to focus on their attention in early childhood education to learn to look at their mind, to regulate their emotions, to be trained in that way then having the name â€Å"Buddhism† to represent the practice would not matter (Los Angeles Interreligious Group, 1991). If you try to categorize Dharma or Buddhist teachings it is really challenging, because it is a combination of a science, a religion, a philosophy or psychology. Buddhism can be seen as a religion which focuses on a way of life that allows the adoption of teachings in any other religion appropriate to one’s life journey (Molloy, 2010).Having drawn attention to the distinct similarities and differences both Christianity and Buddhism share this helps us develop an understanding of the dynamics present in both religions. Based on these comparisons it is clear to say that despite the differences, â€Å"Buddhist thinkers are less intent on systematizing† Buddhist though t into theories of ethical action, and â€Å"are more interested in examining particular Buddhist views on what it means to be a moral subject† (Heim, 2011). Based on my personal observations, if you go to any Asian country where Buddhism is practiced it is clear to say that the followers have very religious behaviors.All in all, Buddhists practice with one goal in mind, to end suffering. Therefore the idea of a higher deity seems senseless if it does not have a direct impact as to aid moralistically. â€Å"Answering a question such as, do you believe in a god, a Buddhist may answer â€Å"is answering that question either way, going to make me less or more sad†Ã¢â‚¬  (Los Angeles Interreligious Group, 1991). Bibliography: Betty, L. (2008). What Buddhists and Christians are teaching each other about God. Cross Currents. 58(1), 108-116. Buddha Dharma Education Association (2012). Morality. Fundamentals Of Buddhism. A BuddhaNet Production.Retrieved from http://www. budd hanet. net/fundbud6. htm Birnbaum, R. (2009). In search of an authentic engaged Buddhism: voices from ancient texts, calls from the modern world. Religion East & West, (9), 25-39. Florida, R. E. (1990). Theism and Atheism in the Work of W. C. Smith: A Buddhist Case Study. Buddhist-Christian Studies. University of Hawai’i. Vol. 10, pp. 255-262 retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/1390212 . Hartshorne, C. (1996). Buddhism and the theistic question. In Buddhism and the emerging world civilization (pp. 62-72). Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois Univ Pr.Heim, M. (2011). Buddhist ethics: a review essay. Journal Of Religious Ethics. 39(3), 571-584. Jammer, M. (1999). Einstein and Religion. Publish by Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://press. princeton. edu/chapters/s6681. pdf Los Angeles Interreligious Group (1991). An Early Journey. Buddhist-Catholic Dialogue. Retrieved from http://monasticdialog. com/a. php? id=334 Molloy, M. (2010). Experiencing the Worldâ €™s Religions. Tradition, Challenge, and Change. McGraw Hill. Fifth ed. O’Brien, B. (2009). Why Buddhism Is a Religion, and Why It Matters. Religion and Spirituality.Retrieved from About. com Tablan, F. E. (2011). Towards a Buddhist-Catholic interreligious encounter: a Southeast Asian perspective. Studies In Interreligious Dialogue. 21(2), p188-210. The Dalai Lama Centre (2012). â€Å"Happy Night in Canada: The Dalai Lama and Leading Scientists Search for Happiness†. For Peace and Education. Retrieved from http://dalailamacenter. org/learn/â€Å"happy-night-canada-dalai-lama-and-leading-scientists-search-happiness† Thera, N. (2012). Buddhism and the God-idea. BuddhaNet edition. Retrieved from http://www. accesstoinsight. org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/godidea. htmlStone, S. M. (2012). About. Centre of Gravity. Retrieved from http://www. centreofgravity. org/m_stone/ Silva. D. L. (2011). Radical Therapy. Buddhist Precepts in the Modern World. Retrieved from http ://www. accesstoinsight. org/lib/authors/desilva/bl123. html Smith,W. C. (1979). Faith and Belief: The Difference Between Them. Princeton N, J. Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://www. amazon. ca/Faith-Belief-Difference-Between-Them/dp/1851681655 Vincent, H. (2012). Christian Buddhism?. Buddhist Geeks. Retrieved from http://www. buddhistgeeks. com/2010/08/christian-buddhism/

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Non-Flowering Mosses (Bryophyte) Ferns (Pterodactyl) Gymnosperms 2. Flowering Angiosperms Monocotyledon Dicotyledonous Vascular tissues and the seeds play a vital role in transporting substances (water, minerals, and sugars) throughout the plant. Seeds are structures, which contains an embryo that helps In storing food. Phylum Bryophyte (Mosses) Referred to as Bryophytes Simplest plants; simple stems and leaves No true roots; very small in structureNon- vascular land plant; do not contain any conducting tissues Have rhizomes for anchorage Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal) Mainly growing on damp terrestrial land, on other plants, and on rocks Reproduction process is carried in their spores. (seedless) Play a vital role in soil erosion Ex: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornwort Phylum Patriarchate (Ferns) Parts 1. Frond CLC a leaf (finely divided into small parts) 2. Pains/Pinnate C small parts of the frond 3. Sort C] spores Has true roots; feathery leaves & underground stemsHave vascula r tissues Spore- reproducing organs (seedless) Involved in transportation of fluids Ex: Horsetails, ferns, and club mosses Phylum Angiosperms Flowering plants; vascular Develops seeds within a protective structure called an ovary, which is embedded in the flower Reproduction process is carried by Angiosperm Angiosperms in the class Dicotyledonous grows into two-seed leaves (cotyledons). Two kinds of Angiosperms: 1. Monocotyledon 1 seed leaf Netted/reticulate veins Multiplies by 3 petals 2.Dicotyledonous 2 seed leaves Leaves have veins in network Multiplies by 4-5 petals An angiosperm's leaf consists of a single, branched, main vein. Shrubs, vines, and flowers Phylum Gymnosperms Non-flowering plants Ex: trees, Contains undeveloped seeds which are present in an enclosed structure Tall evergreen trees Have roots, woody stems Needle-shaped leaves Cones with reproductive structures Naked seeds in female cones Called â€Å"naked seeds† because seeds are exposed outside Ex: Palms, c arpet lawns, etc.

The barque of dante Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The barque of dante - Research Paper Example The backdrop is infused by an ambiance of disaster and dreadful hopelessness. The agonizing cadence, produced by the squirming glowing images in the center, stirs up eroticism. Physical and emotional strains have been highlighted by the shadowy, heavy colors. Delacroix had labored uncontrollably for several months to have his early work of art finished for the 1822 Salon judgment and once he had finished this canvass he was completely drained. But this relentless effort paid off eventually. The Barque of Dante was presented to the Salon jury, and gives definite recognition of its indebtedness to The Raft of the Medusa of Gericault. Without a doubt, the painting’s influence is not only confined to The Barque of Dante but also to Delacroix’s later works, such as The Shipwreck of Don Juan. However, Delacroix had a lot more to find out about the Raft. Gericault, in showing the dilemma of the shipwrecked all over the world, had established the footing for the artistic revolution. The big figures positioned near to the gaper are possibly suggestive of Gericault in the sense in which they occupy the exterior of the painting and in their secluded immensity. In 1822, Thiers described The Barque of Dante in a single statement: â€Å"No canvas better reveals the future of a great painter† (Fletcher 2002, 1499). With this new theme aroused by Dante’s Inferno, the solemn vision and deeply striking imagery, as well as allusions to Rubens and Michelangelo, Delacroix drove painting in a different path, eventually to be categorized as ‘romantic’. The era of classical visual artists copying Roman and Greek painting had ended: modern-day preferences have completely abandoned them. The core design of The Barque of Dante is that remarkable talents from other places have produced literary creations filled with a way of viewing and sensing somewhat distinct from that of the French.

Banking2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Banking2 - Essay Example with the article 7 of the Saudi Banking Control Law the items that are allowed to be held for liquidity reserves by the commercial banks are the following ones: ‘cash, gold or assets’ (article 7). The legal maximum loan size that commercial banks in Saudi Arabia can give is mentioned in the article 8 of the Saudi Banking Control Law. In accordance with this article a commercial bank in Saudi Arabia is not allowed to give a loan which exceeds the ‘25% of the bank’s reserves and paid-up or invested capital’ (article 8). In accordance with the article 10 there is a series of activities prohibited to banks across Saudi Arabia; we could indicatively refer to the following ones: a) to get involved in wholesale or retail trade activities, b) to purchase the shares of a bank operating in Saudi Arabia, c) to acquire or lease real estate – unless this is necessary for the development of the firm’s activities or because of debts to the bank (article 10). The above activities are permitted to banks operating in Saudi Arabia only after the written authorization of the Agency. 5. List 4 activities that SAMA (Central Bank of Saudi Arabia) would implement if it discovers that a commercial bank is not abiding with banking laws especially when those un-allowed activities adversely affect the bank’s ability to repay back its loans and/or affect his liquidity position? In case that a bank operating in Saudi Arabia fails to follow the rules set in the country’s Banking legal framework, then it can be controlled by SAMA; the above authority can take the measures required in order to ensure the protection of the public from the particular organization; in this context, the following activities can be developed – enforced by SAMA: a) appoint one or more appropriately skilled advisers, b) order the suspension of any officer – or even the director – who is considered as responsible for the organizational failures, c) set limits to the credit offered to the

Climat chenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Climat chenge - Essay Example purposely developed a new protocol which aims to serve as the latest legal instrument that can be used to help us overcome the challenges and negative consequences of severe climate change (Rajamany; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). In response to the latest UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the main obstacles behind a successful global agreement will be tackled in details followed by discussing the extent to which these challenges can be easily overcome. In the past, several Conventions were developed by the United Nations and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change which include the Bali Plan Action in 2008, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and the Cancun Agreements were implemented to effectively control the global climate change (Kyoto Protocol; United Nations and UNFCCC). The Kyoto Protocol served as the â€Å"legal binding agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990† (Kyoto Protocol) whereas the Bali Plan Action served as a two-year guideline that aims to finalize the legal agreement in 2009 (United Nations and UNFCCC). In 2010, the Cancun Agreements is composed of decisions made by the international community on each country can work together in solving the long-term problems with regards to climate change (UNFCCC). In 2012, the Kyoto Protocol is expected to expire by the end of 2012 (The New York Times). Last November 2011, the Durban Climate Change Conference was held in Doha, Qatar in order to publicly introduce a new protocol which could serve as a universal legal agreement on issues related to climate change (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). During the Durban Climate Change Conference, it was mentioned that the new expiration date for the Kyoto agreement would be either 2017 or in 2020 (The New York Times). As of August 2011, a total of 192 states and countries have already signed and ratified the

Research hitlers Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hitlers - Research Paper Example The fact that some Jews at birth is not at all associated with genetics. The only other way to become a Jew is conversion so this should not be a surprise that there are Jews with blue eyes and blonde hair. This is surprising to me as it is very contradictory to what he actually did. He interfered with the lives of the Jews because of his belief in a perfect race. He strongly desired a â€Å"perfect race† and by attempting to do this, he has killed about seventy million Jewish people during his rule in Germany, believing that, â€Å"we [Germans] shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews.† By â€Å"decontaminating† Germany, Hitler was one step ahead in achieving his ideal â€Å"super race.† Therefore, I definitely disagree with this quote because he did the exact opposite of what he just said. During both World War I and II, Europe’s economy and Asia’s economy was going extremely downhill. There was so much destruction. However, the United States, although it interfered in wars of other countries, the country in itself did not face a drastic decline of the economy. Therefore, I strongly agree with this quote, considering the situation and condition of the worldwide economy during the time. National socialism, or Nazism, was a unique fascist ideology practiced in Germany during the 1st and 2nd World War. I partly agree with this quote, as Hitler did not force Nazism on anybody, except the Jews. The Germans inspired by Hitler and with the same goal to bring Germany back to power, joined Hitler. Together, they were the ones who fervently desired to help Germany get back on its feet after World War I and the great worldwide Great Depression. I personally disagree with this quote of Hitler. Again, it is very contradictory to the reality. Being a war leader was against his will, but it was his very will that turned him into a war leader not just in Germany, but he was a war leader that was known throughout the world. In fact,

Learning Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Learning Methods - Essay Example Consequence of this is we sometimes tag learners who use less preferred methods as â€Å"bright’ while those who apply most like techniques as dumb. These kinds of perceptions can cause and create negative and positive twists that emphasize the conviction that a person is bright or dumb. A research on student Learning methods indicates that interesting lecture is not essentially good teaching. Even though students are entertained they might not have grasp anything. Better methods of learning are most probably been improved through an integration in the lecture of illustrative skill and other communicative approaches. Lectures are delivered by a teacher to great number f students. In most cases in person but sometimes conducted through a film or video broad cast. The advantages of applying lecturing as a learning method are; students acquire an overview of the topic quickly, continent of a subject can be controlled, allows for use of recognized, it is cost effective, it’s a common method of delivery, expert in the subject of study and students can be motivated by the lecturer. Drawbacks of lecturing are it doesn’t permit for various learning capabilities or speed of learners, it mostly viewed as boring by students, location and time are mostly directed by the lecturer. Student learning is also hard to gauge. Communication in a lecture is monologue. Audience is always passive. One needs a concise introduction and summary of the intended topic of discussion. Preparation requires time and content in order to be successful .Presentations pursue a similar approach to lecture however they are more likely to be conducted beyond formal education surroundings such as the workplace. Presentations are sometimes brief and often integrate high tech visual aids. Advantages of presentations are it can be done simultaneously. Before preparing for a presentation always keep in mind that the human brain has a typical

Crime Scene Specialist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Scene Specialist - Research Paper Example In today’s world of criminal investigations, particularly violent crimes, solid methods are essential in the collection of evidence at a crime scene. It is in this atmosphere that â€Å"The Crime Scene Specialist [CSS] maintains an impartial and neutral approach to the evidence collection process and crime scene investigation, regardless of the final outcome of the investigation† (Indy Gov website, 2009, para. 2).   The importance of the role of the CSS can not be overemphasized. â€Å"Proper evidence collection, documentation, preservation, packaging and analysis are an integral part in the functioning of the crime lab† (Indy Gov, 2009, para. 2), which will eventually assess the evidence collected. If the CSS does not do their job properly, evidence then can not be effectively processed and faulty conclusions by forensic specialists will likely occur, leading to the â€Å"unsuccessful prosecution of cases† (Indy Gov, 2009, para. 2). Gleaned from a job posting (2008) for Crime Scene Specialist, a summary of requirements and expectations are varied and dependent upon educational levels and other factors. Expectations involve investigative support by way of evidence collection for local, state and sometimes federal law enforcement at major crime scenes such as homicides, suicides, sexual assaults etc. Depending upon the expertise and knowledge of the CSS, the specialist may provide in-court testimony for the prosecution as often depicted on the television program, CSI. In the show the characters are both CSS and forensic experts, not only collecting evidence at the crime scene but performing much of the forensic lab testing as well. Salaries for CSS positions generally range from $30,000 to $75,000, depending upon experience and levels of educational. (Crime Scene Specialist, 2008, para. 1-2) The CSS uses varied skills to document a crime scene including videography, photography, bloodstain pattern analysis, diagrams,

The Cultural Impact of the Yan'an Talks on Chinese Film Assignment

The Cultural Impact of the Yan'an Talks on Chinese Film - Assignment Example When he came into power, he made this belief known to the people in his 1942 speech, popularly known as the Yan’an Talks on Literature and Art. The primary purpose of the Yan’an Talks was to lay out the guidelines for literature and art in Communist China. The Talks detailed what kind of subject matter was acceptable to produce, the themes that should be discussed, and the target audience to be reached. In Chairman Mao’s words, â€Å"through the creative labour of revolutionary writers and artists, the raw materials found in the life of the people are shaped into the ideological form of literature and art serving the masses of the people† (â€Å"Talks†). The ideas outlined in the Yan’an Talks heavily influenced all forms of literature and art that emerged from China from the 1940s onwards, as evidenced by three notable Chinese films: Red Sorghum, Farewell My Concubine, and To Live. Red Sorghum, which was released in 1987 by Xi’an Film Studio, is a story that takes place in Shandong, China during World War II. It is about the life and death of a widowed sorghum distillery owner named Jiu’er. ... After some time, Li Datou dies under suspicious circumstances, and Jiu’er inherits ownership of the distillery. She is reunited with her rescuer, who has become an alcoholic whose drunkenness causes him to commit shameful acts like urinating in the sorghum wine. The story of Red Sorghum takes a darker turn at this point, with Japanese Imperial troops arriving and taking over the town. They commit various heinous acts of violence, at one point forcing one of the villagers to skin someone else alive. Angered, the people of the village revolt by attempting an ambush, during which many people, among them Jiu’er, are killed. The film makes use of bright, vivid, and detailed imagery, particularly in the violent scenes, to bring home the themes of revolution and resistance to foreign power. The Imperial Japanese troops – whom Mao named as the enemy in the Yan’an Talks – are depicted as heartless and brutal, and in the end unable to defeat the strong resist ance spirit of the villagers. The movie was also filmed with a technique that gave the entire movie a reddish tint, symbolizing both the death and violence wrought by the Japanese as well as the crimson colour of the sorghum fields which at the end of the movie are slowly growing again. Farewell My Concubine is a 1993 epic-length film that tells the story of a fifty-year friendship between two orphan boys, Douzi and Shitou, as they rise to acclaim as actors in China’s Peking Opera during the time from World War II all the way to communist China’s Cultural Revolution. Douzi is trained into female roles and assumes the stage name Cheng Dieyi, while Shitou assumes masculine roles under the name Duan Xiaolou. Eventually Dieyi’s roles translate into real life

Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assurance - Essay Example 4- a client representation letter is a written statement from a nonindependent source and therefore cannot be regarded as reliable evidence. For example, if there were a hidden information source that did shown to auditor, then it relay on the Winery at Chateau Americana. 6 - As an audit committee, communication with the board of the directors would make more effective audit reports, and it would lead the audit committee to express an opinion for better future planning. B - There are two pending litigation matters. The first is from a former employee who is seeking damages for injuries sustained while employed by the company. The employee was injured as a result of the company’s negligent maintenance of the workplace safely equipment as required by the Occupational Safety. Also, there is an uncertain loss on contingency liability by $500,000, of which McKenna, Harmon & Jacobs did not give an opinion about the matter. 122 A - Notes regarding subsequent events affecting the current year’s financial statements could be affected by the report in pending litigation, restructuring of long-term debt and updating the new accounting firm Focus on spending money on outside growers because 75% of their usage of grapes is from external sources. As a suggestion, the winery should look for more third parties with higher quality and lower prices to reduce the 75%

Simple Stimulus Learning Essay Example for Free

Simple Stimulus Learning Essay In this paper, this author will analyze forms of simple stimulus learning. He will examine the concept of habituation, analyze factors that affect perceptual learning, and examine the effects of stimulus exposure. He will give some examples of real life situations and the application of simple stimulus in those situations. Definitions and explanations will be discussed and analyzed. According to Terry (2009) â€Å"stimulus learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior repertoire which occurs as a result of experience.† Habituation According to Terry (2009), â€Å"Habituation is a simple form of learning. Habituation is the decrease in size or frequency of the orienting reaction to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.† â€Å"Habituation, a decrement in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without ill effect, can be identified in almost all animals† (Marland, 2009). The concept of habituation is studied through responses to stimuli. Some stimuli could be noises, such as a clap. A clap can be used to see if a person responds to the sound with a blink or some other reaction. A reaction or response could be from some other reason and not learning. The person could have a problem with one or more of his or her senses. This is why repetitive stimulation is used in research of habituation. An example of habituation is a person who lives by an airport. When the person first moves in, he or she probably is annoyed by every plane taking off. After living there for a while, the person does not really hear the planes anymore. He or she has become used to the sounds of planes taking off and landing or flying over head. The longer a person is around a stimulus, such as the planes, the less the stimulus affects him or her. Perpetual Learning According to Terry (2009), perpetual learning is â€Å"exposure to a stimulus leads to learning about that stimulus.† Some factors that affect perpetual learning are presenting contrasting stimuli, attention and feedback, and transfer from easy to difficult stimuli. Because stimuli can be different, presentation of positive and negative instances is important. It will allow the person to decide which stimuli are relevant. With transfer from easy to difficult stimuli, starting with easy stimuli can help in learning more difficult stimuli. An example of this is school subjects. A student does not start off doing calculus. Students start off with numbers, then addition subtraction, multiplication, and division. They progress through math until they learn about letters and numbers in algebra and eventually learn how to do trigonometry and calculus. According to Terry (2009), â€Å"perceptual learning occurs in the absence of experimenter feedback about performance.† The subject does need to pay attention to learn. However, learning can occur without intent. Stimulus Exposure â€Å"Some of the most interesting recent paradigms for exploring learning have exploited the fact that prior exposure to stimuli can affect the rate at which associations between those stimuli are subsequently learned† (Myers, et al, 2000). Stimulus exposure can reveal other behavioral outcomes. Some people can have an increase liking or preference to stimuli. An example of this would be a person who works in a bakery enjoys the smell of cookies baking. The person may visit other bakeries more often than a person who does not like the smell of cookies baking. Another example would be a student likes to read and write. The student will enroll in classes that involve reading and writing. Stimulus exposure can lead to memories involving the stimulus. An example would be a song from a happy event in a person’s life may be heard again and the person will remember that happy event. Stimulus exposure can also have negative effects where the stimulus causes a negative response. Examples of negatives would be phobias, anxiety, or fears. This happens when a person associates a stimulus to a negative or traumatic event. Another form of stimulus exposure is priming facilitation. â€Å"Priming occurs when one presentation of a stimulus facilitates the processing of a closely following repetition of the same or a related stimulus† (Terry, 2009). An example would be multiplication cards. The student is shown multiplication card and is to say the answer. The student knows that 4 times 5 is the same as 5 times 4. The stimulus has been primed and the student can identify the common multiples and answer the cards faster. Application of Simple Stimulus Learning The author works as an automotive technician. He has been doing it for 20 years and it took time to learn the things about fixing automobiles. He started off in trade school and then was hired by an automotive repair shop. He started off doing easy repairs and preventative maintenance on vehicles. As he became more comfortable with the repairs, he was given harder repairs. He progressed from easy to difficult repairs. Now, there is probably not a repair that he has not had to perform in his 20 years of experience. He learned by watching and doing. He also learned by making mistakes. Another example would be a little girl who gets her ears pierced. At first she is playing with the earrings and knows they are there. After a while she gets used to the earrings and forgets that she even has them in. Another example would be a bell that indicates lunch at a workplace. The people learn that the bell indicates that it is lunchtime. When the bell rings people stop working and take their lunch break. People learn in many different ways. Some people may learn by doing something once and other may learn it by doing it repetitively. Other may use perception to learn. They may associate certain stimuli to certain processes. There are times that people learn without the intent to learn. Habituation is simple form of learning. A person is around a stimulus long enough and they get used to that stimulus. Perpetual learning is exposure to a stimulus leads to learning about the stimulus. Some factors that affect perpetual learning are presenting contrasting stimuli, attention and feedback, and transfer from easy to difficult stimuli. Stimulus exposure can reveal other behavioral outcomes. There may be a positive or negative behavior or response to a stimulus. Examples of negatives would be phobias, anxiety, or fears. There are many things that can affect the learning process. Attention to detail and feedback can help a person in the learning process and will also help psychologists to understand learning and behavior better in the future. References Marsland, S. (2009). Using Habituation in Machine Learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Volume 92, Pages 260-266 Myers, C., Oliver, L., Warren, S., Gluck, M. (2000). Stimulus Exposure Effects in Human Associative Learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Volume 53B (2), Page 173-187 Terry, W. S. (2009). Learning and memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn Bacon.

Issues in Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

Issues in Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) India is becoming a hub in the field of clinical research and a center for drug discovery and development and this advancement has created an urgent need to strengthen the current drug safety measures. Pharmacovigilance has emerged as an important field of science related to activities regarding detection, assessment, understanding detection and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug related issues. The current pharmacovigilance system is not fully able to address these issues because of certain â€Å"challenges† being posed to it. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. Some of the important challenges to our existing pharmacovigilance activities are: under-reporting, lack of knowledge, proper training, education, attitude and motivation, confusion regarding terminology and definitions used in pharmacovigilance. Increasing use of biologics and herbal medicines in cur rent medicine practice further pose challenges to our pharmacovigilance systems. There is lack of information about the active principle, efficacy, adverse effect profile, quality assurance/quality control, informal selling interaction potential in case of herbal drugs. On the other hand, a complex production process, limited predictability of preclinical to clinical data, high potential for immunogenicity possibility of an underlying exaggerated pharmacology in case of biologics further grieve the situation. Also there is need to improve the spontaneous reporting and causality assessment scales with high quality data submission. KEY WORDS: Pharmacovigilance, India, ADRs, AEs, Challenges INTRODUCTION India is an emerging hub in the field of clinical research and a destination for drug discovery and development. Several new drug entities, new dosage forms, vaccines etc. are being introduced in the country challenging the monitoring of adverse drug reactions over a large population base. The monitoring of both known and unknown side effects of medicines is important even if the drug is in use for several years so that the safety profile of the drug can be ascertained. This has paved the way for pharmacovigilance. Pharmacovigilance may be defined as the pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions or any other possible drug related problems (1), particularly long term and short term side effects of medicines. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. Although in India, pharmacovigilance has progressed from the situation as it was in past, but for different types of problems and limitations progress is yet not very rapid. (2) The current review focuses on a number of elusive issues which require attention addressal: Under-reporting: India specific causes possible solutions Under-reporting is a major limitation of spontaneous reporting systems for suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in India. It is both a technical and a psychological issue. Under-reporting may lead to failure to recognize an unacceptable risk associated with a particular drug. Furthermore, differences in reporting between different drugs may lead to apparent differences in the toxicity which may be spurious. It can lead to delay in signal detection and underestimation of the magnitude of the problem. There is a long exhaustive list focusing on the causes of under-reporting: Lack of awareness There is a general lack of awareness among health care professionals in terms of increasing health burden of ADRs. Those who are aware of this fact, fail to recognize the logistics of ADR reporting like who all can report, where to report what to report. Lack of knowledge attitude A large proportion of studies have found that the knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals appear to be strongly related with reporting. This result may have important implications in terms of public health, if knowledge and attitude are viewed as potentially modifiable factors. (5, 6) Lack of motivation Due to the passive nature of collection of reports, data collection is not exhaustive as it depends upon the attitude motivation of the clinicians. Hence, some ADRs even if observed are not likely to be reported. Some feel that reporting a single ADR wont help much in contributing! Fear of litigation loss of reputation Sometimes healthcare professionals fear that the acknowledgement of adverse reactions may reflect negatively on their competence or put them at risk of litigation. There is also a general fear of loss of reputation among the medical fraternity patients. Misconceptions about what to report Some are reluctant to report adverse reactions because of doubts regarding the causal role of the drug. There is a uncertainity in majority of the cases regarding the drug causing the particular adverse drug reaction. Unfriendly ADR reporting forms hassel of posting of the forms Some health care professionals fail to report due to the complexity of ADR reporting form. At any given instance of time all the information required to be filled is not available. Even after filling the form still there remains a hassel of posting of the forms. So, one always prefers to stay away from the problem. At times, difficulties in accessing the forms also contribute. Lack of time to report Excessive patient load in the health care set up in a developing country like India further worsen the situation. The other factors which contribute towards under-reporting include hesitation lack of confidence. Correcting for under-reporting is difficult because the exact magnitude of under reporting is unknown. It has been seen that more number of ADRs are reported spontaneously usually after a reminder or following scientific workshops, conferences or other awareness programs and it decreases gradually over a period of time. So sustainability is an important factor for determining the spontaneous reporting of ADRs. (3) In addition, it has been found that serious, unexpected ADRs those associated with newly marketed drugs are more likely to be reported. Easy access to ADR reporting forms, clarity of criteria for reporting, simple procedures and good motivational practices such as acknowledging the receipt of adverse drug reaction reports by personal letter or phone call, providing feedback to reporters in the form of articles in journals, adverse drug reaction bulletins or newsletters, organizing scientific workshops, trainings at regular intervals are all influential in addressing the problem. The periodic e-mail update on the safety of drugs represents an effective and inexpensive way to raise the awareness of clinicians on the importance of spontaneous ADR reporting. For continuous motivation there appears to be a need to adopt a policy of regular updates and educational strategies for health professionals. (4) There is an urgent need for regular training of all health care personnel in the form of workshops, symposiums scientific meetings. The training sessions must clarify the roles of the various healthcare professionals in pharmacovigilance. There should be closer relationship between the doctors and the pharmacovigilance centre’s. The paramedical staff should also be equally trained since they are in closer contact with the patients for a longer duration and can play an important role in making the pharmacovigilance programs more efficacious. Information analysis of the reported material is a highly specialized and complex job. It should be made as simple as possible by the use of appropriately trained staff, so that one may be able to provide an answer with greater certainty. Causality assessment scales are an example where there is need of improvement so that proper causal relationship between the drug and the adverse effect can be established. Appropriate training and educat ion regarding Pharmacovigilance should also be introduced during the formal teaching of medical graduates as a welcome step. Unfortunately, this activity is missing in our existing medical education system. Though we are now involving many of the medical colleges as Pharmacovigilance centre’s but still most of the undergraduates are unaware of this process. (7) The reporting of adverse reactions needs continuous stimulation. Therefore, it seems necessary to hold awareness programmes at regular intervals to improve the ADR reporting. It is important to achieve the development of a positive attitude towards pharmacovigilance among healthcare professionals so that adverse reaction reporting becomes an accepted culture in India. Vaccine Safety/Pharmacovigilance The goal of pharmacovigilance of vaccines is the early detection and timely response to adverse events following immunization, in order to minimize negative effects to the health of individuals and lessen the potential negative impact on immunization of population. A stringent safety surveillance of vaccines is crucial since the majority of vaccines are administered not only to vulnerable children but also to healthy population. Moreover, vaccines are complex biological products, which may include multiple antigens, live organisms, adjuvants, and preservatives which can be responsible for the ADRs. e.g. lymphocyte meningitis after anti-mumps vaccine. (8) So, each component has unique safety implications, which is important to capture as compared to other drugs. (9) In addition, difficulties in causality assessment in case of vaccines makes the situation more worse. (10, 11) Execution of Adverse Event Following immunization (AEFI) surveillance program in India is a challenge taking into account its large geographical area. Capacity to detect respond to AEFIs needs improvement in India. A multipronged approach is the need of the hour to ensure effective vaccine safety surveillance. Pharmacovigilance in clinical trials: A newer approach to patient safety in clinical trials Safety monitoring of drugs during clinical trials is now recognized as one of the major concerns for new drug development due to the increasing complexity of clinical trials involvement of large cohorts of participants. In a clinical trial, all adverse events experienced, irrespective of the causality should be monitored, accurately documented and adequately reported in a timely manner following the local regulatory requirements. Safety data from clinical studies is a key component that drug regulatory authorities consider in the decision-making as to whether to grant or deny market authorization for a drug. In addition, safety data from clinical trials helps not only in restricting harm at one centre but provides further vigilant action at other centres also. As per recent gazette notifications, Any unexpected serious adverse event (SAE) (as defined in GCP Guidelines) occurring during a clinical trial should be communicated promptly (within 14 calendar days) by the Sponsor to the L icensing Authority and to the other Investigator(s) participating in the study (Appendix XI In cases of any trial related injury, the safety data from clinical trials also serves as a basis for casuality aseessment for calculating compensation. Regarding reporting responsibilities of the investigators, Schedule Y states that: Investigator(s) shall report all serious and unexpected adverse events to the sponsor within 24 h and to the Ethics Committee that accorded approval to the study protocol with 7 working days of their occurrence. Pharmacovigilance in clinical trials needs to be encouraged and fostered. The present scenario requires reform and needs recommendations for building a robust safety surveillance system for clinical trials in India. Arora D. Pharmacovigilance obligations of the pharmaceutical companies in India. Indian J Pharmacol 2008 February , 40 (Suppl 1): S13-S16 Focused Pharmacovigilance HIV/AIDS, Malaria Kala-azar are major public health concerns in India. Adequate systems and infrastructure for ADR monitoring and risk management activities are largely absent in India, adequate national or regional quality and safety monitoring systems after drug distribution are also lacking. With increase in number of patients, availability of new drugs, generic fixed-dose combinations and the ignorance of pharmaceutical company sector in global pharmacovigilance activities, there is a great need of focused pharmacovigilance. In India, a total of 2.4 million patients were suffering from HIV/AIDS in 2009 and about 200,000 new HIV-positive individuals are diagnosed each year. (12) Antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV infection, but adverse drug reactions remain a potential barrier to treatment success as they are an important cause of poor adherence due to inability to tolerate antiretroviral therapy. ADR monitoring and causality assessment in resource-limited countries like India remain major challenges. In India, Post-marketing ADR monitoring often relies exclusively on spontaneous reporting which is a major issue. As of now there is no pre-existing surveillance system solely dedicated to ADR monitoring of anti- HIV/AIDS drugs in India. (13, 14) We can develop an HIV-focused pharmacovigilance program which can integrate both active and passive ADR surveillance for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover integrating the HIV-focused pharmacovigilance program with the existing health care program of AIDS can go a long way. (15) As per WHO report 2011-2012, South East Asian Region bears the second largest burden of malaria (13%), only second to African region (81%). Among South-East Asia region, India shares two-thirds of the burden (66%) followed by Myanmar (18%) and Indonesia (10%). (16) Emerging chloroquine-resistance especially in P. falciparum is considered as one of the important contributing factors responsible for an increase in its occurrence in India. Because of this there is a wide scale use of Artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs) and other new drug combinations. Our health systems have a very little experience with these new drugs. Pharmacovigilance for ACTs and other combination treatments in India is essential as malaria transmission is high and antimalarial drugs are used very frequently. Moreover, drugs can be obtained without a prescription. Informal use of antimalarial drugs may increase the risk of incorrect dosing, inappropriate treatment, and drug interactions which may impact negatively on drug safety. Furthermore, the administration of antimalarial treatments in patients with concomitant illness, including HIV/AIDs, tuberculosis and malnutrition, is a concern. So all these factors demand a focused pharmacovigilance activity to ensure sa fe use of antimalarial drugs especially the ACTs and other new drug combinations. (17, 18). In India Kala azar cases are mostly concentrated in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand with over 165.4 million people at risk (19). Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and miltefosine are the first line drugs for the treatment of kala-azar are known to cause several side effects. Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) has been known to cause anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, metallic taste in mouth, diarrhoea, pancreatitis, reversible elevation of liver enzyme activities, myalgia, arthralgia, proteinuria, ECG changes (T wave inversion,prolongation of QT interval, ST segment abnormalities), phlebitis, uveitis, optic atrophy, acute renal failure, hepatic necrosis and bone marrow hypoplasia. (20) Miltefosine is known to cause mild adverse effects which are mainly gastrointestinal in which loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting were found to be the major dose-limiting side effects. Other frequently observed miltefosine-related toxicities are mainly associated with the kidneys and liver. (21) Teratogenicity is the main limitation to the use of miltefosine which calls for responsible surveillance appropriate mechanisms to protect the women of child-bearing age. (22) In addition to the adverse-effects, quality of the generic products also need to be monitored. (23) In view of the current side effect profile other related issues monitoring of adverse effects to anti-leishmanial drugs is utmost. Focused Pharmacovigilance for anti-leishmanials can be integrated with the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of vector borne diseases.

‘Medicalization’ in Current Health Policy

‘Medicalization’ in Current Health Policy Changing Public Health Priorities From Medicalization to Improving Built Communities Laura Schultz, Brett Weed, Ashini Fernando, Carolyn Moore,  Andrea Andersen, David Garcia Medicalization has greatly increased the emphasis on the delivery of clinical services to individuals, often at the expense of population-based solutions. We examine this phenomenon and offer an alternative that promotes public health by improving social, environmental, and physical determinants of health[HS1]. ‘Medicalization’ in Current Health Policy ‘Medicalization’ is the tendency for the practice of medicine to view a greater proportion of human behavior through a clinical lens (Zola, 1986). Among the examples of medicalization is the direct-to-consumer solicitation of prescription drugs for an arguably ever-increasing repertoire of conditions and afflictions (Frosch, Krueger, Hornik, Cronbolm, Barg, 2007) and increasing access to medical care as is evident through the initiatives implemented by the ACA[HS2]. Ever increasing amounts of money are being invested in treatment of chronic diseases, while a comparatively much smaller proportion is invested in preventing the same conditions (HHS, 2003). The United States spends more than 17% of their GDP on healthcare[HS3]. This per capita health expenditure is more than twice the average of countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (Balding, 2014[HS4]), yet these numbers have translated not into better health but instead, a worsening trend in chronic diseases. US citizens also have significantly lower life expectancy in comparison (Woolf Aron, 2013). Despite these considerable investments in health care delivery, the costs associated with treating the manifestations of poor health continue to rise unabated. Over the last five years in North Carolina alone, approximately USD 80 million of the federal budget for public health was appropriated for primary care for the underserved populations (Trust for America’s Health, 2014[HS5]). Public Health Spending In contrast, public health only receives approximately 3% of the government budget and is underfunded (Balding, 2014). Nationally, 95% of health spending is for the apportionment of clinical services, while only 5% is invested in population-based solutions (Lantz, Licthenstein, Pollack, 2007). In North Carolina this division is even more extreme, with less than 1% of health spending dedicated to public health operations (Table 1[HS6]). Table 1. North Carolina Public Health Appropriations as a Percentage of Public Health Care Spending (Trust for America’s Health, 2014; Chantrill, n.d.) It is worth[CDL7] noting that the leading cause of mortality in the US, cardiovascular disease, accounts for annual healthcare costs that exceed USD $312.6 billion (HHS n.d.), yet when diagnosed early, disease progression can be addressed with non-pharmacological interventions[HS8]. In North Carolina, a mere 0.81% (~ USD 15 million, 2013) of the federal budget for public health was appropriated for prevention measures of all chronic diseases (Trust for America’s Health, 2014). These funding trends appear to support medicalization of health instead of prevention through public health efforts. Rather than continue to invest in a stopgap strategy of mitigating the impact of illness, we propose to instead invest in the prevention of illness[HS9]. Addressing Social Determinants Population health investments within corporate environments have shown considerable financial success and value beyond return on investment (ROI). One corporate wellness program saw a ROI of close to 300%; another company saved an estimated $224 per employee in 2003 dollars from promoting health rather than treating a lack of it (HHS, 2003[HS10]). Applying this same per capita savings rate to North Carolina, shifting funding to prevention and health promotion could yield savings of $2.2 billion annually[3], more than offsetting the annual increases in health services expenditures. Value beyond ROI includes physical and mental health, quality of life, perceived health status and functional capacity. Workplace well-being also promotes other intangibles such as increased social cohesion (Pronk, 2014). There is an established correlation between positive social relationships and health. As Robert Putnam wrote in 2000 in Bowling Alone, â€Å"social capital† conveys the essential health promoting value of communities[HS11]. It is defined as â€Å"the social networks and interactions that inspire trust and reciprocity among citizens† (as cited in Leyden, 2003). Social isolation, independent of other lifestyle factors, is linked to premature death and decreased resistance to disease (Cohen, 2001). Beyond individual health, social capital is associated with political engagement, volunteerism, decreased crime rates and economic development (Leyden, 2003). Research has shown that when we design our communities to encourage social engagement there is a positive effect on the psychological and physical health of the residents (Leyden, 2003[HS12]). Since the advent of the automobile, the design of our communities has included limited transportation choices. Most individuals choose to travel by car because urban design has made most options for pedestrians unsafe (Vandergrift, 2004). The US, compared to other high income European countries with better health measures, have at least 25% more automobiles per 1000 people (Woolf Aron, 2013). European Countries also have policies which limit sprawl and prioritize â€Å"urban centralization†. Though difficult to quantify, these environmental factors are likely to contribute to the health disparities and disadvantages in the US (Woolf Aron, 2013). Political and social conditions and constructs, racism for example, also results in poor urban design that compound health disparities including limited access to businesses and markets, exposure to environmental toxins, and lack of opportunities for social participation. Specifically, infrastructure investment decisions, such as libraries, parks, public safety and maintenance are likely to be allocated to geographic areas populated by citizens with greater socioeconomic status and political power, which further marginalize disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Schulz Northridge, 2004). Alternatively, mixed use, pedestrian friendly communities are based on thoughtful design and include intact town centers, multiple income residences and well linked streets that are designed for people, not automobiles (Walkable Communities, n.d.). Prioritized determinants of health, which we expect to improve because of innovative planning include increased social engagement, improved economic status and increased physical activity (Walkable Communities, n.d.). As of 2012, approximately 50% of the US adult population has been shown to suffer from chronic diseases. However, adequate physical activity has been scientifically proven to prevent or improve these chronic disease conditions[HS13]. Yet, according to a 2011 statistic from the CDC, 76% of adults did not meet the recommendation for muscle-strengthening physical activity which is a known risk for heart disease (CDC, 2014). There are states where the built environment is viewed as worthy of significant investment to improve population health. Specifically, in Massachusetts there are two examples of lower than average socioeconomic status communities where health impact assessments indicate that built environmental improvements would improve social factors and likely decrease expenses in medical intervention. In Somerville, there is a community driven planned change to a bisecting interstate. This plan, made with consideration for social health determinants of the residents includes multi use bike and walking paths with increased access to all areas of the community[HS14]. Community-wide access will provide opportunities for social interaction, physical activity and increased choices for employment (MassDOT, 2013). A community with similar demographics, Fall River, has proposed common trails for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle travel that connect residents to businesses. This is predicted to improv e every health determinant the HIA evaluated (MAPC, 2013). Based on a review of state sponsored health impact assessments in other communities, there is a significant relationship between communities with walkable pathways and health (Rails to Trails Conservancy, 2013). We propose that thoughtful environmental structure enhancements such as multi-use walking and biking paths will connect neighborhoods and businesses. In turn, we believe these changes will positively affect social cohesion, economic viability and physical activity, which are all key determinants of health that can improve with innovative public policy implementation[HS15]. Conclusion and Recommendations Evidence from state sponsored health impact assessments in other communities, indicates that there is a positive correlation between communities with walkable pathways and health (Rails to Trails Conservancy, 2013). Environmental structure enhancements such as multi-use walking and biking paths that connect neighborhoods and businesses could positively influence population health in North Carolina. We believe these changes will positively affect social cohesion, economic viability and physical activity, which are all key determinants of health that can improve with innovative public policy implementation. In North Carolina there are 31 completed Rails to Trails programs (NC Rails-Trails, 2014). This national program improves the built environment by converting former railroad routes to pedestrian and bike friendly paths. However, only 2 of the 31 completed trails are located in counties with the poorest health scores (RWJF 2014; NC Rails to Trails, 2014). Eastern North Carolina, where 9 out of 10 of the most poorly rated counties for health outcomes are located, also have the fewest trail initiatives (NC Rails-Trails, 2014). This skewed distribution of environmental improvements further demonstrates the way in which populations within poor socioeconomic communities are financially neglected, and thus likely to continue to suffer from worse health outcomes. Using Massachusetts as an example, the state’s Department of Health and Human Services has initiated a program to identify communities with the lowest socioeconomic status and assist them to â€Å"build policies, systems and environments that promote wellness and healthy living† (MassDOT, 2013). In partnership with state and county planning officials, public health leaders, and state demographers, our plan is to target lower socioeconomic communities, initially focusing on a county with the poorest health indicators, to plan and build multi-use trails. We request priority funding allocated through the US Department of Transportation via the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century ACT (MAP-21), as well as private foundation grants that prioritize state population health improvements like the Annie E. Casey and Doris Duke foundations. Our plan for advocacy is to engage community members in the trail project as stakeholders. Specifically we will encourage our members to influence policy decisions through community informational meetings, including letter writing assistance intended to exert pressure on local politicians. We intend to host community or health center â€Å"coffees† with opportunities to meet county commissioners and planners. Media coverage in the lo cal newspaper is another part of our advocacy plan. Specifically, we will engage local media in an effort to â€Å"frame† the problem of poor environmental design and how it impacts health by profiling one citizen with health risks and limited transportation options who lives on a pedestrian unsafe street, visually depicting the social isolation inherent in this environment though a photo layout[HS16]. By engaging our most vulnerable North Carolina citizens to take part in improving their quality of life and ultimately their health and longevity, we will have the best chance at community environmental improvement as a long term effort. The time is now to refocus our priorities on health investment through prevention and promotion of public health efforts rather than treatment of diseases. References Blanding, M. (2012). Public Health and the U.S. Economy. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/public-health-economy-election/. Chantrill, C. (n.d.). North Carolina Government Spending Chart. Retrieved from http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/spending_chart_2003_2019NCb_16s1li111mcn_13l14t Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014, October). Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/overview/index.htm. Cohen, S (2001). Social relationships and health: Berkman syme (1979). Advances in mind-body medicine. 17(1):5-7. Frosch, D. L., Krueger, P. M., Hornik, R. C., Cronbolm, P. F., Barg, F. K. (2007). Creating Demand for Prescription Drugs: A Content Analysis of Television Direct-to-Consumer Advertising. Annals of Family Medicine, 5(1), 6-13. Lantz, P. M., Licthenstein R. L., Pollack, H. A. (2007). Health policy approaches to population health: The Limits of medicalization. Health Affairs, 26(5), 1253-1257. Leyden, K. (2003). Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1546-1551. Massachusetts Department of Transportation. (2013). Health Impact Assessment of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) McGrath Grounding Study. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/groundingmcgrath/HealthImpactAssessment.aspx. Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) (2013). Health Impact Assessment: Quequechan River Rail Trail Phase 2. Retrieved from http://www.mapc.org/quequechan-river-rail-trail-hia. NC Rails-Trails (2014, September). Resources. Retrieved from http://www.ncrailtrails.org/web/resources. Pronk, N. P. (2014). Placing Workplace Wellness in Proper Context: Value Beyond Money. Preventing Chronic Disease 11, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140128 Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon Schuster. Rails to Trails Conservancy. Health and Wellness Benefits. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.railstotrails.org/ourWork/trailBasics/benefits.html. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2014). County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, Building a Culture of Health County by County; 2014 Rankings; North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/sites/default/files/state/downloads/CHR2014_NC_v2.pdf Schulz, A., Northridge, M. E. (2004). Social determinants of health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion. Health Education and Behavior, 31(4), 455-471. Trust for Americas Health (2014). Key Health Data about North Carolina. Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org/states/?stateid=NC#section=3,year=2009,code=undefined US Census Bureau (2014, July 8). NC quick facts. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37000.html US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2003, September). Prevention makes common â€Å"cents†. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/prevention/. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (n.d.). About Heart Disease Stroke. Retrieved from http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/abouthds/cost-consequences.html#cost. Vandergrift, D., Yoked, T. V. (2004). Obesity rates, income, and suburban sprawl: an analysis of US states. Health Place, 10, 221-229. Walkable Communities, Inc. (n.d.).Walkable Communities FAQ. Retrieved from http://walkable.org/faqs.html. Woolf, S. H., Aron, L. Y. (Eds.). (2013). U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health. Washington DC: National Academies Press. Zola, I. K. (1986). Medicine as an institution of social control. In P. Conrad R. Kern (Eds.), The sociology of health and illness. New York: St. Martins Press. [1] Rounded to nearest million [2] Rounded to nearest ten million; represents NC state and locality public health care spending [3] Based on 2013 NC Population Estimate of 9,848,060 (US Census Bureau 2014). [HS1]Nice introduction to your paper [HS2]Good examples [HS3]Is this from your Balding reference? This statement needs to be referenced. [HS4]This is listed as Blanding on your reference list. [HS5]Very nice section, your reader will have a good understanding of medicalization after reading this section [HS6]Great reference and statistics that support your premise [CDL7]Do not use this construct in this class, â€Å"it is†, â€Å"there are†, etc. [HS8]Such as implementing lifestyle changes with diet exercise. [HS9]Very good! [HS10]Impressive! [HS11]Very interesting, I will be reading this. [HS12]Great examples and points being made, excellent references. [HS13]You need a reference here [HS14]This entire section isn’t referenced. Unless this information is considered to be â€Å"common knowledge† e.g. it came from your own brain or was information you were aware of prior to writing this paper, it needs to have a citation. Please review when to cite from UNC library http://www2.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/index.html?section=why_we_cite [HS15]Great ideas [HS16]Great ideas and plan of action

To Have Or Have Not :: essays research papers

To Have and Have Not Michael Lind Michael Lind wrote the article To Have and Have not about the ever-increasing gap between the rich and the poor. He comments with heart and knowledge on the fact that the prosperous are increasing their wealth by taking from the poor. It sounds like and basically is the story of Robin Hood. He writes about the amount of power the wealthy have, segregated work places, the crooked political system, and tax reforms. But what amazes me the most is that he too is part of the overclass. This first hand knowledge of the system gives Lind such a strong base for his argument, and allows the reader to trust his words that much more. Over the last several years in the United States it has become more and more evident that the gap between the rich and the poor is growing. Not only is the gap growing, but the government is doing very little to stop it. Slowly the poor are being shifted away from the center of wealth and being replaced by the already wealthy. It's a shame how a few people with large cheque books can run the most powerful country in the world, and yet the general public are being redirected to think this problem is a minimal and insignificant issue. The truth is that economic and social inequalities have been growing in the United States at an alarming pace. The inequalities exist because the wealthy want to have more, and the power to obtain more; To do so people must give up their wealth and thus cause the economic gap. Not only is the United States segregated based on the upper class and lower class, it seems that prejudice is also appearing in a hidden manner. Take for example an executive building. You'll notice that everyone working there looks the same. Of course their opinions, value systems, and beliefs may differ, however they are almost always white and mainline protestant. This new and still growing oligarchy is about 20 percent of the population and is evenly spread across every state. What is even more amazing about the American oligarchy is that they pride themselves solely on their individual merit. To them its not because they were born into upper class, nor that they had the opportunity to get an education, but merle on their own IQ, virtue, and genius. Lind uses a great example of this when he says,

A Political and Cultural History of Jamaica Essay examples -- essays r

Situated just south of Cuba in the Caribbean Sea, Jamaica is well known as a popular tourist spot and the birthplace of reggae music. Populated initially by native Arawak Indians, who gave the island its name, â€Å"land of wood and water (Jamaica).† However, this beautiful land’s almost pristine beauty was shattered by outbursts of violence surrounding the 1980 political elections. This fighting was sparked by the people’s mistrust of the ruling socialist party at the time. The reasons for this fighting and this mistrust are not simple, they are intrinsically tied to the island nation’s history from the beginning of its colonial period five hundred years before. The island was first discovered by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1494 and became a colony of Spain in 1509. They founded the town now known as Spanish Town and it was the capital of the island until the 1800s. Under the Spanish, the native Arawak Indians died out because of slavery and disease, and Africans were brought in to work in their place. The Spanish ruled the country until 1655 when Sir William Penn of the British captured the colony by force. It was later tuned over legally under the Treaty of Madrid in 1670(Jamaica). Once the British gained control of the island, development was swift. The industries of sugar cane and other agricultural resources were increased, thus creating a larger demand for African slaves. Due to this explosion of growth in the late 17th century, Jamaica became one of the largest slave trading centers in the world. The slave trade was conducted out of the city of Port Royal, made famous for being a hideout of the pirate Blackbeard, until the city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692. The destruction of Port Royal led to th... ...arty). The nation of Jamaica has had a rich cultural and political history. From the island’s days as a colony up until today it has proven that its people are resilient, passionate, and have an extremely high level of national pride. IT has been shown that the violence that marred the election of 1980 was not due to the government’s brief flirtation with communism, but with more underlying issues. It has been shown that the history of the island has been impacted by several instances of similar violent outbursts resulting from a public feeling of frustration with the rulers at the time. From the time of Bustamante on into the 80s and 90s, the balance of power has shifted because of severe public dissatisfaction with the party in power. It is unknown whether or not this cycle will continue, but as of today, the threat of violence in Jamaica is a very serious one.

Nintendo Company Ltd Essay

â€Å"Nintendo Company Ltd .was founded in 1889 as a producer of Japanese playing cards, but by the 1980’s the corporation had turned its attention towards the production of video game hardware and software†. â€Å"Since then, Nintendo has gone on to become the third most valuable company in Japan selling more than 470 million home game consoles and handhelds as of 2009†. Nintendo was founded by Fusejiro Yamauchi the great grandfather of the current president of Nintendo.† Nintendo’s products arose in the mid-1980s from the relative obscurity of the amusement arcade to change the concept of home entertainment in both Japan and the United States†. Strengths: Nintendo â€Å"strongly established brands†, â€Å"robust revenue growth†, â€Å"strong cash flow from operations, and â€Å"Nintendo derived most of its revenue from the video game business, Nintendo was in the lead in video console† (pg.C269). Weakness: Nintendo weakness is â€Å"Inventory shortages†.†Nintendo was unable to meet demand during 2007 and also struggled throughout 2008†.†In an interview on the website Game Theory, Perrin Kaplin, Nintendo vice president of marketing and corporate affairs, suggested that shortages were expected some time†. â€Å"We are at absolute maximum production and doing everything we can†¦but demand continues to be really high† (pg.C273). Also Opportunities: â€Å"Rising demand for company’s products and related software†, â€Å"growing US games software market†, and â€Å"increasing demand for online gaming†. Threats: â€Å"Short products lifecycle†, â€Å"slowdown of the Japanese, the US, and European economies†. â€Å"The five forces may be interdependent i.e. pressures from one direction can trigger off changes in another dynamic process of shifting sources of competition†. â€Å"Industry rivalry here occurs in the strategic alliances i.e. battle to control market†. â€Å"With huge players like Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft there is a tuff battle between companies to dominate the market†. â€Å"The threat of entrants into the industry can be negligible with the existence of players like Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft etc†. â€Å"There can be no substitute to the video games†. â€Å"The Power of Buyers in the video game industry is low as there are very few successful companies in the video game industry, therefore a small variety of video games available to the buyers†. â€Å"On the other hand, the Power of Suppliers is very high as there are more suppliers available to a handful of companies in the video game industry†. â€Å"Nintendo’s goal was to create games that everyone could play and a system that would appeal to women and people who had never played video games in the past† (pg.c273). Nintendo used the three generic strategies: overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Nintendo’s strategy was to attract and target all age groups also to make the Wii easy to use whether the player is skilled or a novice. Nintendo was successful at this strategy because â€Å"According to Nintendo, one of the key differences between the Wii and the competitiors’ systems was the broad audience that the Wii targeted† (pg.c273). â€Å"Many of the Wii games were able to be played by all people of all ages, and they were easier to control than the complicated controllers of the Sony Playstation 3 or Microsoft Xbox 360†. Nintendo’s TV commercials of the Wii showed people of different ages and social classes playing the Wii† (pg.c273). Yes I believe all companies can use the strategy of attracting all age brackets with unique products that are easy, fun to use, and affordable. The Nintendo competitive strategy are that the make their consoles cheaper to manufacture. They can sell the base console at a profit while their competitors have to subsidize the retail price. It also gives Nintendo far more room to maneuver when it comes to using the price mechanism to take on that competition. Nintendo will be able to sustain their competitive advantage if they lack in supply of product with a high demand. What Nintendo need to do is maintain their supply so that it will be able to keep up with their competitors and keep clientele. This is the problem they are having which is a high demand for product with low supply. I believe Nintendo’s strategy has good intentions, if I was in position to advise Nintendo of their strategy is will be to change is their supply and demand. If you have a low supply of product how do you expect to make profit? I would advise them to make sure that there is a high supply of products to keep customers happy because there is a great possibility that the company can lose clientele to other competitors. Some customers go great lengths for entertainment and some will pay any price to have it. Nintendo needs to keep their ratings up along with the other companies that are competing and the only way to do that is to make sure that the products are available and the prices affordable. This was an interesting case to work on and I hope I did a good job. I had no idea Nintendo was founded in 1889, I thought it invented in the 1980’s. After reading this case I know that even the popular companies sometime struggle in certain areas. I have a Nintendo Wii and even though I don’t get to play it often but when I do it’s so much fun. The Nintendo Wii is definitely for all ages like it was mentioned in the case. From reading the case and doing research online helped me learn about how Nintendo was founded and their timeline of products. I learned about their rivalry with Sony, Microsoft, and their struggles with supply and high demand. How However Nintendo Wii price was reasonable compared to the playstation3 and xbox. I believe what attracts customers to the Nintendo Wii is that as far as I can remember Nintendo always included a free game with the console which Sony and Microsoft does not provide. My opinion Nintendo strategy has good intentions but to be the better competitor Nintendo needs all their areas to be strong especially their supply of products. Even if it means to hire more employees or outsource jobs to keep products in stock they should go that extra mile to keep their customers happy.

Itt Tech Comp. Ii Final Paper

Course Project resignation The Legalization of ganja J. Doe ITT practiced Institute March 7, 2013 Composition II Dr. Sue Introduction ganja should be legalized. That is the decision every champion in our group has conform to to. We believe the pros of marijuana call greatly knocked out(p)number the cons, and that the organization needs to read that. Defending either expression of this object is real quite difficult. Any studies that you whitethorn find can be dis canvassn by studies performed from the opposition and vice versa. Still, we energize non found anything that has even came close to changing our opinions.Medical Use some studies arouse been performed that prove marijuana can avail with the preaching of many an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) types of cancers. Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from one circumstances of the body to another (Mandal, n. d. , What is Metastasis). Scientists at California Pacific Medical essence have found a complica ted in marijuana that can actually stop metastasis. This compound is called Cannabidiol. They learned this initiatory by testing the compound on animals that had cancer and have proven that it works. They atomic number 18 now waiting on plaudit to begin human testing (Wilkey, 2012, Marijuana and Cancer).It can to a fault be wont to replace many agony pills that deadening our kidneys and cause major addictions. Studies commemorate that bullet marijuana can help decrease nerve cark or pain caused by surgery. about 10% to 15% of patients attending a chronic pain clinic use cannabis as part of their pain control strategy(Doheny, 2010, Marijuana Relieves Chronic Pain). Lower Crime rank In 2011, after legalizing marijuana in California, the juvenile crime rate dropped 20 part. The number of arrests for violent crimes dropped by 16 sh ar, homicide went down by 26 percent and drug arrests decreased by roughly 50 percent.In 2010, marijuana possession placarded for 64 percent of all drug arrests, and in 2011, that number decreased to only 46 percent (Sankin, 2012, California Marijuana Decriminalization). Many pile believe that drug dispensaries would withdraw crime. A study has shown that crime actually seems to be much less serious the dispensaries then in the aras where dispensaries have been closed. On the blocks with closed dispensaries, crime was 60% greater within a three-block radius, and 25% greater within a six-block radius than on the blocks with open dispensaries, according to the study (Shaw, 2011, nurture Show Lower Crime Rate).A amend Economy There are many ways legalizing marijuana can help the economy. Marijuana-related charges would fall significantly, saving US prisons around $1 zillion annually. Ending banishment laws against marijuana would save taxpayers $41. 8 billion annually. Marijuana growers in California account for $14 billion a grade now that is legalized at that place. The selling of marijuana illegally is a $38 billion constancy which is money our government is missing out on (Bradford, 2012, Boost the Economy). Physical Dangers to UsersThere are many studies that show marijuana use can greatly impair a users motor skills. They have shown that these impairments lead to a much high-pitched rate of vehicle accidents even though people think being high has nothing to do with it. Studies have in any case shown that the constant inhalation of smoke, whether it is tobacco or marijuana, can lead to cancer. There has also been a link of marijuana use to psychosis, anxiety, and panic attacks (Lipkis, 2012, Impaired Driving Skills). A Worse Economy Polls show that many people do not believe legalizing marijuana would boost the economy. About a quarter of those polled verbalize legalized draw would lead to more than jobs in their communities 57 percent said in that location would be no effect. About a trinity thinks the economy would improve, while 46 percent foresee no impact (Grisling, 201 0, impart NOT Boost Economy). In fact, many people think it will betray things worse. This is because while marijuana dispensaries are favored, there are not many people that would invest in them. If marijuana was decriminalized, more Americans favor private businesses selling it (54 percent) than the government (36 percent).But just 24 percent said they would be interested in investiture in a company that sells potty (Grisling, 2010, Will NOT Boost Economy). finishing The legalization of marijuana is, in our opinion, a good thing. Many people have benefitted from using marijuana even if there are some undesirable side effects. Moderation is something that needs to be applied. Whether it be marijuana or even exercising, alike much can hurt you. amateurish use is not what was discussed here. Improving upon the lives we are currently living, through the different applications of marijuana, is what we aimed to lead out.

Clinical Educational Experience Essay

Educating the family and or the residential district is a role that every keep must(prenominal) participate in to promote, maintain, and recuperate wellness among them. To accomplish such requires family members foregather and shit a practical misgiving of health-related in general anatomyation. One method to accomplish such is to develop a health bringing upal plan. The health reading plan establish upon information collected from a windscreen survey and Friedman family assessment conducted, Areas that will be discussed take on, a description of the educational fill based upon assessment findings, educational goals and objectives, educational methods that will be used to enforce the health educational plan, and the methods applied to quantify the educator and process used in the development and implementation of the health education plan.I also include the health tools used to educated family, and Identification of a Health Educational Need. MBG elderly diabetic type I, smoker, strike, demanding, uncaring, undetached from the family. JBG also elderly grim and heavy drinker, son flat reach with family, dysfunctional family. Cultural, religious, ethnic, and in the flesh(predicate) upbringings be variables that ar considered to gain a basic discernment of the family textile. Being old fashion knockout cord Catholic is hard to aim them understand that what you preach in the participation you have to practice at home. correspond to NANDA, Nursing diagnosis for this family that I have encounter 1) Impaired verbal intercourse as evidence by controlling, undermining from contract and want of family connectedness. 2) Stress overload evidence by busy work day, lack of time to relax, and sleep deprivation, and 3) Risk for self-annihilation as evidence by stimulate excessive drinking and mopping some(a) wondering what is the point.Resolutions as follow 1) lay out common goals, complementary roles, and ongoing structural relationships be tween the health provider and family members, family charge and individual counseling. 2) Mental health is indwelling to a persons well-being, healthy family and interpersonal relationships, and the ability to live a full and productive life. People, stress with untreated mental health disorders are at high risk for many membrane-forming and unsafe behaviors, including alcohol or medicate abuse, violent or self-destructive behavior, and suicide. pamphlet was given to the family, Stress overload and essay to cover depression and communication into the education knowing that dinking, depressing, and risk of suicide are very touchy subjects. Family was hesitant at the beginning but did pay attending and glanced over brochure gave them names of hospital and web site that they can heft for help. Nurses must be conscious of their responses and actions that may inadvertently affect the patients response.Jean Watsons Theory of gentle Caring uses a contemporary, holistic framewor k designed by using nonuple disciplines to care for individuals and those within a community. So as a nurse we must be always be considerate about of the family as whole and include the community that will be affected. A learning motivation based upon personal need. The adults motivation to learn is derived from the developmental needs of the individual. The adult comes into an educational activity largely because he is experiencing some inadequacy in coping with flow life problems (Knowles, 1972, p. 36).ReferencesDepression and how to help out. Retrieved from www. http//lib.calpoly.edu/ sustain/how-to/find-articles/Depression.Healthy People 2020.gov (June, 2014) US plane section of Health and Human Services retrieved from http//healthypeople.gov/2020/LHI/injuryViolence.aspx Knowles, M.S. (1972). Innovations in teaching styles and approaches based upon adult learning. daybook of Education for Social Work, 8, 2, 32-39.Nanda nursing diagnosis Care Plan/Nursing diagnosing/ Nursing Diagnoses List 2013 retrievedFrom www.nanda.orgNursing diagnosing Handbook, 9th Edition By Betty J. Ackley, MSN, EdS, RN and Gail B. Ladwig, MSN, RN ISBN 9780323089210, copyright 2014, Mosby.The Friedman family assessment model form retrieved from https//portal.phonex.edu/mediallibrary/embedreader.urnisbn9780130608246 friedman University of Illinois library. Retrieved fromhttp//openurl.library.uiuc.edu/sfxlcl3?rft.object_id=17160000000000289&svc.fulltext